第四講:Cortical Organization

出自KMU Wiki

(修訂版本間差異)
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
在2013年11月6日 (三) 10:22所做的修訂版本 (編輯)
Woody (對話 | 貢獻)
(Modularity)
←上一個
在2013年11月6日 (三) 10:23所做的修訂版本 (編輯) (撤銷)
Woody (對話 | 貢獻)
(腦內空間組織)
下一個→
第22行: 第22行:
[[Image:04brain.png]] [[Image:04brain.png]]
[[Image:04brain2.png]] [[Image:04brain2.png]]
-====Maps in Striate Cortex====+===Maps in Striate Cortex===
*大腦皮質部 *大腦皮質部
**Columnar structure **Columnar structure
第31行: 第31行:
**single cell recording (早期) **single cell recording (早期)
**brain imaging (近期) **brain imaging (近期)
-====Hubel and Wiesel (1965)實驗結果====+===Hubel and Wiesel (1965)實驗結果===
[[Image:04Maps in Striate Cortex.png]] [[Image:04Maps in Striate Cortex.png]]
[[Image:04Maps in Striate Cortex2.png]] [[Image:04Maps in Striate Cortex2.png]]
-====Brain Imaging====+===Brain Imaging===
*PET ( positron emission ) *PET ( positron emission )
**正子電腦斷層掃描 **正子電腦斷層掃描
第42行: 第42行:
**subtraction technique **subtraction technique
**減法! **減法!
-====Brain scanning====+===Brain scanning===
[[Image:04Brain scanning.png]] [[Image:04Brain scanning.png]]
*subtraction technique *subtraction technique
第48行: 第48行:
*Retinotopic maps and Cortical magnification factor by brain imaging *Retinotopic maps and Cortical magnification factor by brain imaging
[[Image:04Retinotopic maps.png]] [[Image:04Retinotopic maps.png]]
-====Cortical magnification 示意圖====+===Cortical magnification 示意圖===
[[Image:04Cortical magnification.png]] [[Image:04Cortical magnification.png]]
====Topographic map in cortex==== ====Topographic map in cortex====
[[Image:04Topographic map in cortex.png]] [[Image:04Topographic map in cortex.png]]
-====cortical magnification 實驗====+===cortical magnification 實驗===
[[Image:042-deoxyglucose.png]] [[Image:042-deoxyglucose.png]]
-===Columnar Structure===+==Columnar Structure==
*Hubel and Wiesel 所整理 *Hubel and Wiesel 所整理
**location column **location column
第67行: 第67行:
*orientation column 當電極斜插時 *orientation column 當電極斜插時
[[Image:04orientation column2.png]] [[Image:04orientation column2.png]]
-====Orientation columns in a Location column====+===Orientation columns in a Location column===
[[Image:04Orientation columns3.png]] [[Image:04Orientation columns3.png]]
-====ocular dominance column(單眼優勢)====+===ocular dominance column(單眼優勢)===
[[Image:04ocular dominance column.png]] [[Image:04ocular dominance column.png]]
*Hubel and Wiesel 之Hypercolumn *Hubel and Wiesel 之Hypercolumn
第76行: 第76行:
**blobs cell 泡泡細胞 **blobs cell 泡泡細胞
[[Image:04blobs cell.png]] [[Image:04blobs cell.png]]
-====Columns and hypercolumns====+===Columns and hypercolumns===
*Hypercolumn by De Valois and De Valois *Hypercolumn by De Valois and De Valois
[[Image:04Hypercolumn by De Valois and De Valois.png]] [[Image:04Hypercolumn by De Valois and De Valois.png]]
-====Representation in V1====+===Representation in V1===
*Representation *Representation
**假想在各層次之資訊表達的方式 **假想在各層次之資訊表達的方式
第88行: 第88行:
*Representation示意圖 *Representation示意圖
[[Image:04Representation.png]] [[Image:04Representation.png]]
-====Scenes in V1====+===Scenes in V1===
*[[Image:04Scenes in V1.png]] *[[Image:04Scenes in V1.png]]
*[[Image:04Scenes in V12.png]] *[[Image:04Scenes in V12.png]]
*[[Image:04Scenes in V13.png]] *[[Image:04Scenes in V13.png]]
-===Streams===+==Streams==
*Neural Pathway *Neural Pathway
**大腦中資訊流向 **大腦中資訊流向
第103行: 第103行:
*Brain Ablation *Brain Ablation
[[Image:04Brain Ablation.png]] [[Image:04Brain Ablation.png]]
-====Visual pathway====+===Visual pathway===
[[Image:04Visual pathway.png]] [[Image:04Visual pathway.png]]
-====Dorsal 與Ventral怎麼分?====+===Dorsal 與Ventral怎麼分?===
[[Image:04dorsal & ventral.png]] [[Image:04dorsal & ventral.png]]
-===Neuropsychology===+==Neuropsychology==
*神經心理學 *神經心理學
**不是生理心理學 **不是生理心理學

在2013年11月6日 (三) 10:23所做的修訂版本

目錄

Cortical Organization

Seeing as an active process

  • 我們看東西是被動的嗎?
    • 錯覺輪廓 illusory contour

Image:04illusory contour.png

  • 差在那裡?
    • 邊界傾斜

Image:04Seeing as an active process2.png

  • 雙可圖形
    • Rubin's vase

Image:04Seeing as an active process 3.png

  • 視覺解釋及記憶

Image:04Seeing as an active process 4.png

  • 前面四張圖的結論
    • 我們所見不是只有光學影像本身我們用眼睛及再加....來看本章主題就是........是什麼?

腦內空間組織

Image:04brain.png Image:04brain2.png

Maps in Striate Cortex

  • 大腦皮質部
    • Columnar structure
    • 功能上(似乎解剖上亦是)在皮質區有一類型的組織稱為柱狀組織(columnar structure)
    • 同柱狀中之細胞功能類似
    • 不同柱狀間功能有差異
  • 研究方法
    • single cell recording (早期)
    • brain imaging (近期)

Hubel and Wiesel (1965)實驗結果

Image:04Maps in Striate Cortex.png Image:04Maps in Striate Cortex2.png

Brain Imaging

  • PET ( positron emission )
    • 正子電腦斷層掃描
  • fMRI ( functional magnetic resonance imaging )
    • 功能性磁振造影
  • 方法
    • subtraction technique
    • 減法!

Brain scanning

Image:04Brain scanning.png

  • subtraction technique

Image:04subtraction technique.png

  • Retinotopic maps and Cortical magnification factor by brain imaging

Image:04Retinotopic maps.png

Cortical magnification 示意圖

Image:04Cortical magnification.png

Topographic map in cortex

Image:04Topographic map in cortex.png

cortical magnification 實驗

Image:042-deoxyglucose.png

Columnar Structure

  • Hubel and Wiesel 所整理
    • location column
    • orientation column
    • ocular dominance column
  • Hypercolumn
  • location column之同一location例

Image:04location column.png

  • orientation column之一例

Image:04orientation column.png

  • orientation column 當電極斜插時

Image:04orientation column2.png

Orientation columns in a Location column

Image:04Orientation columns3.png

ocular dominance column(單眼優勢)

Image:04ocular dominance column.png

  • Hubel and Wiesel 之Hypercolumn

Image:04Hypercolumn.png

  • color
    • blobs cell 泡泡細胞

Image:04blobs cell.png

Columns and hypercolumns

  • Hypercolumn by De Valois and De Valois

Image:04Hypercolumn by De Valois and De Valois.png

Representation in V1

  • Representation
    • 假想在各層次之資訊表達的方式
    • 亦可視為「計算過程」
      • 希望把資訊由硬體(大腦)獨立出來,即可由不同的硬體(如電腦)表現同質的東西
  • 實際表現
    • 大腦神經興𡚒情況
  • Representation示意圖

Image:04Representation.png

Scenes in V1

  • Image:04Scenes in V1.png
  • Image:04Scenes in V12.png
  • Image:04Scenes in V13.png

Streams

  • Neural Pathway
    • 大腦中資訊流向
    • What, Where and How
  • Dorsal pathway
    • Where and How
  • Ventral pathway
    • What
  • Brain Ablation

Image:04Brain Ablation.png

Visual pathway

Image:04Visual pathway.png

Dorsal 與Ventral怎麼分?

Image:04dorsal & ventral.png

Neuropsychology

  • 神經心理學
    • 不是生理心理學
  • Dissociation
    • p. 85 table 4.1
    • single / double dissociation
    • 單一人/多個人

Image:04Neuropsychology.png

  • D.F.的例子

Image:04D.F..png

  • rod and frame illusion 可以應用在正常人上的多種管道現象

Image:04rod and frame.png

  • 另一個正常人實驗

Image:04another normal.png

Modularity

  • 在striate cortex之後尤其在IT (inferotemporal cortex)
    • 有針對複雜刺激反應的區域
      • FFA (fusiform face area)臉
      • PPA (parahippocampal place area)空間配置
      • EBA (extrastriate body area)去除臉的身體
  • 且這些地方異常會出問題
    • prosopagnosia 面孔失認

Tanaka (1991)的研究

Image:04Tanaka.png

IT與FFA的位置

Image:04IT&FFA.png

FFA 在fMRI 的表現

Image:04FFA in fMRI.png

也是在IT

Image:04in IT.png

  • Face, body, places

Image:04Face, body, places.png

  • 更進一步腦內反應

Image:04brain respond.png

Vision與 Memory

Image:04vision & memory.png

  • Neuron in MTL

Image:04Neuron in MTL.png

神經如何特化

  • Neural Specialization
    • neural selectivity by Evolution
      • theory of natural selection
    • neural shaped by Experience
      • Gauthier et. al. (1999)
      • “Greeble

Greebles 的辨識之腦中表現在訓練前後

Image:04Greebles.png

high order vision

  • vision is constructive(視覺是建構的)

Image:04vision is constructive.png

  • context dependent 情境相依

Image:04context dependent.png

  • integration of local features(整合局部特徵)

Image:04integration of local features.png

  • 這是手指嗎?

Image:04finger.png