第四講:大腦與視覺

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在2010年10月18日 (一) 18:05由Sakurai (對話 | 貢獻)所做的修訂版本
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The Brain and Seeing

  • Seeing as an active process
    • 我們看東西是被動的嗎?
      • 錯覺輪廓 illusory contour
    • 差在那裡?
      • 邊界傾斜
    • 雙可圖形
      • Rubin's vase
    • 視覺解釋及記憶
      • 你看到什麼課本最後也有解釋
    • 前面四張圖的結論
      • 我們所見不是只有光學影像本身
      • 我們用眼睛及再加....來看
      • 本章主題就是....
      • ....是什麼?
  • Optic Nerve
    • Optic Nerve(視神經)
    • Optic chiasm(視交叉)
    • Optic tracts(視束)
    • Nerve -> chiasm -> tracts
      • 其實都是retina ganglion cells的axon
      • 解剖上的不同
    • lateral projection(側投射)
      • 不是左眼到右腦
      • ipsilateral fibers(同側纖維)
      • contralateral fibers (異側纖維)
    • lateral projection
      • visual field(視野)
  • Superior colliculus(上丘)
    • location
      • top of brain stem(腦幹)
    • function
      • Multimodal(多感道) input
      • control eye movement
    • receptive field property(特性)
      • lose center surround
    • Phylogenetic(系統發生) – old
      • Visual center for lower animals
        • Frog, fish....
      • In higher animals
        • Superior colliculus的工作被visual cortex所取代
        • 仍有的工作:Visual orienting
          • 有receptive fields—but ill-defined ON OFF
          • 對stimulus之where反應,what較不反應
          • 結果—guidance of eye movement
      • Multisensory cells(多重感覺細胞)
  • Lateral Geniculate Nucleus(側膝核)
    • location
      • Thalamus(視丘)
    • Geniculate
      • with bent knee
    • Magnocellular layers
      • Layer 1,2 large-cell layers
      • Magnus Latin words mean『large』
    • Parvocellular layers
      • Layer 3,4,5,6 small-cell layers
      • Parvus Latin words mean 『small』
    • K cells
      • Sandwiched between 各layers
    • Layers
      • 從內到外
      • 1,2,3,4,5,6
      • ipsilaterl fibers
      • contralateral fibers
  • Maps in LGN
    • retinotopic map
    • retinotopic maps 中記錄的情況
  • receptive fields properties of LGN
    • 形狀
      • center surround
    • lateral inhibition
      • strong
    • 刺激特性
      • color
        • all parvocellular
        • color opponent (red/green, blue/yellow)
      • acuity
        • fovea附近最小
        • parvocellular < magnocellular
      • temporal variation
        • magnocellular cells反應快
    • K cell?
        • multimodal (sound)
        • input from superior colliculus
  • Possible function of the LGN
    • relay of visual information
      • Input from Reticular activating system(網狀刺激系統)
        • attention?? arousal??
      • Input from Superior colliculus (K cells)
        • shut down vision under rapid eye movement
      • Feedback loop from Visual cortex(視覺皮質區)
        •  ?????
        • sorting operation??
  • Visual cortex
    • occipital lobe(枕葉)
    • cortical blindness(皮質視盲)
      • Scotomas(暗點)
      • Gordon Holmes
        • world war I
        • 腦傷
    • topographic maps(地形圖)
    • cortical magnification(皮質放大)
  • Structure of visual cortex
    • Primary visual cortex
      • V1
      • Area 17
      • Striate cortex
        • 1.5~2.0mm thick
        • 100million cells in V1 each hemisphere
        • 6 layers
          • Layer 4 input from LGN
  • Retinal map
    • Topographic
      • 80% cells 處理 10%的visual field
        • 因此在視野中心的東西在cortical level放大很大
        • 週邊視野的東西則變小
    • Contralateral(對側) visual field
        • 以visual field來分lateral projection
  • response of single cell
    • Hubel and Wiesel
  • Function of V1 cell
    • orientation selectivity(傾斜選擇性)
      • simple cells
    • preferred orientation(傾斜的喜好)
  • oblique effect傾斜效果
    • 有些人不會有效果 meridional amblyopia(經線性弱視 )
    • 有些人比較沒有效果,可能與astigmatism有關
      • Meridional amblyopia (經線性弱視 )
    • Why oblique effect?
      • 可能較多horizontal- and vertical-oriented contours in environments
      • Neural plasticity(神經可塑性)
  • complex cells
    • select direction
  • ocular dominance(單眼優勢)
    • technic 2-DG
    • binocular cells 雙眼細胞
      • 其實V1大部分是binocular cells
      • binocular disparity 雙眼像差
        • 雙眼影像位置不見得對應
  • Hypercolumn 超柱型組織
    • column的組合體
      • color
        • blobs cell 泡泡細胞
    • Hypercolumn by De Valois and De Valois
  • orientation
    • 受刺激後腦內反應 (請參見color plate 1)
  • beyond V1
    • 超複雜系統
      • parietal stream 顱頂
        • dorsal stream 背側
        • M pathway
      • temporal stream 顳
        • ventral stream 腹側
        • P pathway
    • M
      • V2, V3, MT
    • P
      • V2, V4
    • larger receptive field
    • retinotopic map
    • position invariance
    • feedback loop
  • Duality of visual processing 視覺歷程的雙重性
    • 1960's
      • Ambient(周遭) and focal(中心)
    • 1980's
      • Parietal stream (where) and temporal stream (what)
      • Dorsal stream and ventral stream
      • M pathway and P pathway
  • P and M
    • Schiller and Logothetis (1990) paradigm (with lesion technic)
      • result
    • Specialized visual area
      • 不能主動lesion,只能觀察腦傷病人
      • Damage in interior part of the occipital lobe near junction with temporal lobe
        • Achromatopsia(無辨色能力)—loss of color vision
      • Damage to specitic portions of temporal lobe
        • Prosopagnosia(臉型失認)—inablility to face recognition
      • Damage in MT
        • Akinetopsia(動態失認)—cannot see motion
    • relating neurophysiology
      • Phosphene(光幻視 )
        • see light in complete darkness
      • visual hallucination(視幻覺)
      • transcranial magnetic stimulation 穿顱磁刺激
        • 強力磁場引發scotoma
  • What cortical cells do?
    • feature detector(特徵偵測器)? (Barlow, 1972)
      • ambiguity problem(模糊問題)
    • Collaboration 合作
      • tilt aftereffect (傾斜後效 )(adaptation(適應))
      • tilt aftereffect 可能的解釋
      • sparse coding 稀疏編碼
  • high order vision
    • vision is constructive(視覺是建構的)
    • context dependent 情境相依
    • integration of local features(整合局部特徵)

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