Internet互聯網
出自KMU Wiki
互聯網是一個世界性的，可公開查閱的一系列相互關聯的計算機網絡傳輸的數據 分組交換使用標準的互聯網協議 （ IP ） 。 It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail , online chat , file transfer , and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).這是一個“網絡的網絡”構成以百萬計的規模較小的國內，學術，商業，和政府網絡，一起進行各種信息和服務，如電子郵件 ， 在線聊天 ， 文件傳輸 ，以及相互關聯的網頁及其他資源的萬維網 （ WWW ） 。
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[編輯] 術語
互聯網和萬維網是不是同一個。 The Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks , linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, etc. In contrast, the Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources , linked by hyperlinks and URLs .互聯網是一個收集相互關聯的計算機網絡 ，連接的銅線 ， 光纖電纜， 無線連接等，在此相反，網絡是一家集相互關聯的文件和其他資源 ，聯繫的超文本鏈接和網址 。 The World Wide Web is one of the services accessible via the Internet, along with various others including e-mail , file sharing , online gaming and others described below.萬維網是其中一項服務可以通過互聯網，隨著各種其他包括電子郵件， 文件共享 ， 在線遊戲和其他詳述如下。 However, "the Internet" and "the Web" are commonly used interchangeably in non-technical settings.不過， “互聯網”和“網絡”是常見的互換使用，在非技術性的設置。
[編輯] 歷史
[編輯] 創作
蘇聯奇摩推出的史潑尼克促使美國建立高級研究計劃局，被稱為arpa ，在1958年 2月恢復的技術帶頭作用。 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] arpa創造信息處理技術辦公室 （ ipto ） ，以進一步研究半自動地面環境 （聖人）計劃，該網絡已在全國各地的雷達系統，共同為第一次。 jcr利克萊德被選為主管ipto ，看到普及網絡作為一個潛在的統一人類的革命。
Licklider moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950 , after becoming interested in information technology .利克萊德提出從心理聲學實驗室在哈佛大學 ，以麻省理工學院在1950年 ，後成為有興趣在信息技術方面 。 At MIT, he served on a committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE project.在麻省理工學院，他服務於委員會成立的林肯實驗室和工作的聖人項目。 In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN , where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of time-sharing .在1957年 ，他成為副總統在bbn ，他在那裡買了第一台生產的PDP - 1計算機和進行了第一次公開展示的時間分享 。
At the IPTO, Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran , [ citation needed ] who had written an exhaustive study for the US Air Force that recommended packet switching (as opposed to circuit switching ) to make a network highly robust and survivable.在ipto ，利克萊德招聘勞倫斯羅伯茨頭一個項目，實施網絡化，羅伯茨基於技術的關於聯合國工作的保羅巴蘭 ， [ 引文需要 ]誰寫了詳盡的研究， 為美國空軍建議分組交換 （如反對電路交換 ） ，使網絡非常強勁和生存能力。 After much work, the first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between UCLA and SRI International in Menlo Park, California, on October 29 , 1969 .經過大量工作，首先兩個節點什麼將成為阿帕網之間是相互關聯的加州大學洛杉磯分校和斯里蘭卡國際在加州Menlo Park ，於10月29日 ， 1969年 。 The ARPANET was one of the "eve" networks of today's Internet.阿帕網是一個“前夕， ”網絡今天的互聯網。 Following on from the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the British Post Office , Telenet, DATAPAC and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packet-switched network service.以下就從示威分組交換工作，阿帕網， 英國郵政局 ， Telenet的， datapac和transpac合作，創造了第一次國際分組交換網絡服務。 In the UK, this was referred to as the International Packet Stream Service (IPSS), in 1978 .在英國，這是被稱為國際包流服務 （國際前列腺症狀評分） ，在1978年 。 The collection of X.25 -based networks grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada , Hong Kong and Australia by 1981.收集X.25協議為基礎的網絡增長，從歐洲和美國的涵蓋加拿大 ， 香港和澳大利亞 1981年。 The X.25 packet switching standard was developed in the CCITT (now called ITU-T) around 1976. X.25分組交換的標準是發達國家，在國際電報電話諮詢委員會（現稱的ITU - T ）約1976年。 X.25 was independent of the TCP/IP protocols that arose from the experimental work of DARPA on the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net and Packet Satellite Net during the same time period. X.25協議是獨立的TCP / IP協議而產生的試點工作DARPA的關於阿帕網，分組無線網和分組衛星網在同一時間段。 Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the first description of the TCP protocols during 1973 and published a paper on the subject in May 1974. （ Vinton科夫和Robert Kahn是開發出第一個說明的TCP協議在1973年發表了一份就此事提交的文件於1974年5月。 Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single global TCP/IP network originated in December 1974 with the publication of RFC 675 , the first full specification of TCP that was written by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, then at Stanford University.一詞的使用， “互聯網”來形容一個單一的全球TCP / IP網絡起源於1974年12月與出版的RFC 675 ，第一次全面規範的TCP ，這是寫科夫（ Vinton ， yogen dalal和Carl陽光，然後在斯坦福大學。 During the next nine years, work proceeded to refine the protocols and to implement them on a wide range of operating systems.在未來九年，工作著手完善議定書並加以貫徹落實，就廣泛的操作系統。
The first TCP/IP -wide area network was made operational by January 1 , 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older NCP protocols to TCP/IP.第一TCP / IP的廣域網是業務由1983年 1月1日時，所有主機阿帕網被轉，從舊式的NCP協議TCP / IP協議。 In 1985, the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of a university 56 kilobit /second network backbone using computers called " fuzzballs " by their inventor, David L. Mills .在1985年，美國國家科學基金會 （ NSF ）的委託建設的一所大學 56 kilobit /第二個網絡的骨幹，在使用電腦的所謂“ fuzzballs ”他們的發明， 大衛米爾斯的影響 。 The following year, NSF sponsored the development of a higher-speed 1.5 megabit /second backbone that became the NSFNet .次年，美國國家衛生基金會贊助，發展一個更高速度的1.5 兆比特 /秒的骨幹，成為nsfnet 。 A key decision to use the DARPA TCP/IP protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the Supercomputer program at NSF.一個關鍵的決定使用DARPA的TCP / IP協議是由丹尼斯詹寧斯，然後在負責該計劃的超級計算機在美國國家衛生基金會。
The opening of the network to commercial interests began in 1988.開放的網絡，以商業利益，從1988年開始。 The US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial MCI Mail system in that year and the link was made in the summer of 1989.美國聯邦網絡理事會批准了互連的nsfnet向商業MCI公司的電子郵件系統在這一年，並鏈接了在夏天舉行的1989年。 Other commercial electronic e-mail services were soon connected, including OnTyme, Telemail and Compuserve.其他商業電子電子郵件服務，盡快連接，包括ontyme ， telemail和CompuServe等。 In that same year, three commercial Internet Service Providers were created: UUNET , PSINET and CERFNET .在同一年，三個商業互聯網服務供應商創造了： uunet ， psinet和cerfnet 。 Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the Internet include Usenet and BITNET .重要的是，單獨網絡提供網關到，後來合併，互聯網，包括新聞組和bitnet 。 Various other commercial and educational networks, such as Telenet , Tymnet , Compuserve and JANET were interconnected with the growing Internet. Telenet (later called Sprintnet) was a large privately funded national computer network with free dial-up access in cities throughout the US that had been in operation since the 1970s.其他各種商業和教育網絡，如Telenet的 ， tymnet ， CompuServe等和Janet是相互關聯的，與日益增長的互聯網。 Telenet的 （後來所謂的sprintnet ）是一個大型私營機構提供資金的國家計算機網絡與自由撥號接入 ，在城市的整個美國已以來一直在運作20世紀70年代。 This network was eventually interconnected with the others in the 1980s as the TCP/IP protocol became increasingly popular.這一網絡的互聯，最終與其他在20世紀80年代作為TCP / IP協議變得越來越受歡迎。 The ability of TCP/IP to work over virtually any pre-existing communication networks allowed for a great ease of growth, although the rapid growth of the Internet was due primarily to the availability of commercial routers from companies such as Cisco Systems, Proteon and Juniper, the availability of commercial Ethernet equipment for local-area networking and the widespread implementation of TCP/IP on the UNIX operating system.的能力， TCP / IP的工作，幾乎超過任何事先存在的通信網絡，讓偉大的易用性增長，雖然互聯網的迅速發展主要是由於可供商業路由器從公司如思科系統公司， proteon和Juniper ，可供使用的商業以太網設備，為當地區域網絡和廣泛實施的TCP / IP對UNIX操作系統。
[編輯] 增長
雖然基本應用程序和指引，使因特網可能已存在近10年來，該網絡沒有得到公眾面對，直到20世紀90年代。 On August 6 , 1991 , CERN , which straddles the border between France and Switzerland , publicized the new World Wide Web project.對1991年 8月6日 ， 歐洲核研究組織 ，跨越邊界之間的法國和瑞士 ，宣傳新的萬維網的項目。 The Web was invented by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.網頁發明英語的科學家蒂姆伯納斯李在1989年。
An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW , based upon HyperCard .早期流行的Web瀏覽器是violawww ，基於hypercard 。 It was eventually replaced in popularity by the Mosaic web browser.這是最終取代在人氣由馬賽克的Web瀏覽器。 In 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois released version 1.0 of Mosaic, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic, technical Internet.在1993年， 國家超級計算應用中心在伊利諾州大學公佈的1.0版的馬賽克，和由1994年年底有越來越多的公眾利益，與先前的學術，技術互聯網。 By 1996 usage of the word Internet had become commonplace, and consequently, so had its use as a synecdoche in reference to the World Wide Web.由1996年使用的Word ，互聯網變得司空見慣，因此，所以有其使用作為一個synecdoche在參考萬維網。
Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks, such as FidoNet , have remained separate).與此同時，超過的過程中的十年，互聯網成功地容納大多數以前現有的公共計算機網絡（雖然有些網絡，如斐多網 ，仍然是獨立的） 。 During the 1990s, it was estimated that the Internet grew by 100% per year, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997. [3] This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network. [ citation needed ]在1990年代，據估計，互聯網上增長了100 ％ ，與一段短時期的爆炸性的速度增長， 1996年和1997年。 [ 3 ]這方面的增長是原因往往是缺乏中央管理，使有機生產總值的增長率相網絡，以及作為非專有的開放性的網際網路通訊協定，鼓勵供應商的互操作性和阻止任何一間公司施加太多的控制權網絡。
[編輯] 大學生的讚賞和貢獻
新結果顯示，在通信領域的在六十年代，七十年代和八十年代，很快就通過了大學，北美各地。
Examples of early university Internet communities are Cleveland FreeNet, Blacksburg Electronic Village and NSTN in Nova Scotia. [4] Students took up the opportunity of free communications and saw this new phenomenon as a tool of liberation.的例子，早在大學互聯網社區克里夫蘭freenet ， 布萊克斯堡的電子村和nstn在新斯科舍省。 [ 4 ]學生接手的機會，免費通信和看到了這一新的現象，作為一種工具的解放。 Personal computers and the Internet would free them from corporations and governments (Nelson, Jennings, Stallman).個人電腦和互聯網將免費他們從企業和政府部門（納爾遜，詹寧斯，斯托爾曼） 。
Graduate students played a huge part in the creation of ARPANET .研究生起到了很大的一部分，在創造阿帕網 。 In the 1960s, the network working group, which did most of the design for ARPANET's protocols, was composed mainly of graduate students.在20世紀60年代，該網絡工作組，並大部分的設計阿帕網的協議，組成，主要是研究生。
[編輯] 今天的互聯網
除了從複雜的物理連接，彌補其基礎設施，互聯網是促進雙向或多邊的橫向商業合同（例如， 對等協議 ） ，以及由技術規格或議定書的說明如何交換數據網絡。 Indeed, the Internet is essentially defined by its interconnections and routing policies.事實上，互聯網，基本上是界定其互聯和路由的政策。
As of March 31 , 2008 , 1.407 billion people use the Internet according to Internet World Stats .截至2008年 3月31日 ， 14.07億人使用互聯網，根據互聯網世界統計資料
[編輯] 網際網路通訊協定
若需要更詳細的關於這個主題，請參閱Internet協議 。
In this context, there are three layers of protocols:在此背景下，有三個層次的協議：
At the lower level ( OSI layer 3) is IP (Internet Protocol), which defines the datagrams or packets that carry blocks of data from one node to another.在較低的水平（ OSI的第3層）是IP （互聯網協議） ，它確定了數據或數據包進行數據塊從一個節點到另一個。 The vast majority of today's Internet uses version four of the IP protocol (ie IPv4 ), and, although IPv6 is standardized, it exists only as "islands" of connectivity, and there are many ISPs without any IPv6 connectivity. [5] ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) also exists at this level.絕大多數今天的互聯網使用的版本4的IP協議（即IPv4 ）的，而且，雖然IPv6是規範，存在只作為“島”的連接，並有許多互聯網服務供應商沒有任何IPv6的連接。 [ 5 ] 的ICMP （ Internet控制消息協議）也存在著在這個水平上。 ICMP is connectionless; it is used for control, signaling, and error reporting purposes. ICMP的是連接，它是用於控制，信號和錯誤報告的目的。
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) exist at the next layer up (OSI layer 4); these are the protocols by which data is transmitted. 的TCP （傳輸控制協議）和UDP （用戶數據報協議）存在於明年層（ OSI的第4層） ;這些都是議定書，其中的數據傳輸。 TCP makes a virtual "connection", which gives some level of guarantee of reliability. TCP連接，使一個虛擬“聯繫” ，這使某種程度的保證的可靠性。 UDP is a best-effort, connectionless transport, in which data packets that are lost in transit will not be re-sent. UDP是最佳的努力，連接交通，在其中的數據包丟失在過境將不會重新發送。
The application protocols sit on top of TCP and UDP and occupy layers 5, 6, and 7 of the OSI model. 應用協議坐在上方的TCP和UDP層和佔據第5 ，第6和第7 OSI模型。 These define the specific messages and data formats sent and understood by the applications running at each end of the communication.這些界定的具體信息和數據格式發送和理解所運行的應用程序在每月底的溝通。 Examples of these protocols are HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.的例子，這些協議的HTTP ， FTP和的SMTP 。
[編輯] 互聯網結構
有許多分析互聯網及其結構。 For example, it has been determined that the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks .舉例來說，它已確定在互聯網上的IP路由結構和超文本鏈接的萬維網上的例子無尺度網絡 。
Similar to the way the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points , research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as:類似的手法，商業互聯網服務供應商連接互聯網交換點 ，研究網絡往往互連子網分為大，例如：
GEANT geant
GLORIAD gloriad
The Internet2 Network (formally known as the Abilene Network ) Internet2的網絡（正式名稱為阿比林網絡 ）
JANET (the UK's national research and education network ) 珍妮特 （英國的國家研究與教育網絡 ）
These in turn are built around relatively smaller networks.這些反過來又是建立在相對較小的網絡。 See also the list of academic computer network organizations .也見名單學術計算機網絡組織 。
In network diagrams , the Internet is often represented by a cloud symbol, into and out of which network communications can pass.在網絡圖 ，互聯網往往是代表了一個雲的象徵，流入及流出，其中網絡通信可以通過。
[編輯] ICANN
互聯網公司的姓名和號碼分配（ ICANN的）是權威的坐標轉讓獨特標識在互聯網上，包括域名 ，互聯網協議（ IP ）地址，協議端口和參數的數目。 A globally unified namespace (ie, a system of names in which there is at most one holder for each possible name) is essential for the Internet to function.一個全球統一的名字空間（即，一個制度的名稱，其中有大部分是在一人，每一個可能的姓名）是必不可少的互聯網功能。 ICANN is headquartered in Marina del Rey, California , but is overseen by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and non-commercial communities. ICANN的是總部設在瑪麗安德爾灣，加利福尼亞州 ，但監督是由一個國際董事局制定的來自全國各地的互聯網技術，商業，學術和非商業社區。 The US government continues to have the primary role in approving changes to the root zone file that lies at the heart of the domain name system.美國政府繼續有主要的作用，在審批變更為根區文件的核心所在的網域名稱系統。 Because the Internet is a distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected networks, the Internet, as such, has no governing body.因為互聯網是一個分佈式網絡，許多自願組成的相互關聯的網絡，在互聯網上，因為這樣，沒有理事機構的工作。 ICANN's role in coordinating the assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body on the global Internet, but the scope of its authority extends only to the Internet's systems of domain names, IP addresses , protocol ports and parameter numbers. ICANN的作用，協調轉讓的唯一標識符的區別，它作為也許是唯一的中央協調機構對全球互聯網，但在其職權範圍內的權力範圍僅到Internet的系統的域名， IP地址 ，協議端口和參數的數目。
On November 16 , 2005 , the World Summit on the Information Society , held in Tunis , established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues. 11月16日 ， 2005年 ， 世界信息社會首腦會議在突尼斯舉行的，成立了互聯網管理論壇 （胰島素樣生長因子）舉行會議，討論與互聯網有關的問題。
[編輯] 語言
普遍存在的語言溝通，互聯網上的是英語 。 This may be a result of the Internet's origins, as well as English's role as the lingua franca .這可能是一個結果，互聯網的起源，以及英語的角色，作為通用語言 。 It may also be related to the poor capability of early computers, largely originating in the United States , to handle characters other than those in the English variant of the Latin alphabet .也有可能涉及到窮人的能力，早期的電腦，主要是原產於美國 ，以處理字符以外的其他中，英文的變種， 使用拉丁字母 。
After English (31% of Web visitors) the most requested languages on the World Wide Web are Chinese (16%), Spanish (9%), Japanese (7%), German (5%) and French (5%). [6]之後，英語（ 31 ％的網站訪問者）最要求語文在萬維網上是中國人 （ 16 ％ ） ， 西班牙語 （ 9 ％ ） ， 日本 （上升百分之七） ， 德國 （ 5 ％ ）和法國 （ 5 ％ ） 。 [ 6 ]
By continent, 37% of the world's Internet users are based in Asia , 27% in Europe , 19% in North America , and 9% in Latin America and the Caribbean . [7]由大陸， 37 ％的世界互聯網用戶是基於在亞洲 ， 27 ％在歐洲 ， 19 ％ ，在北美和9 ％ ，在拉丁美洲和加勒比地區 。 [ 7 ]
The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years, especially in the use of Unicode , that good facilities are available for development and communication in most widely used languages.互聯網的技術開發不夠，近年來，特別是在使用的Unicode ，良好的設施可用於發展和通信在最廣泛使用的語言。 However, some glitches such as mojibake (incorrect display of foreign language characters, also known as kryakozyabry ) still remain.然而，一些小故障，如亂碼 （不正確展示外語字符，也稱為kryakozyabry ）仍然存在。
[編輯] 工作場所
互聯網是允許有更大的靈活性，在工作時間和地點，尤其是與蔓延unmetered高高速連接和Web應用程序 。
[編輯] 可移動設備
在互聯網上，現在可以訪問幾乎任何地方的許多手段。 手提電話 ， datacards ， 手持 遊戲機和移動路由器允許用戶連接到Internet從任何地方有一個蜂窩網絡支持這一裝置的技術。
[編輯] 電子郵件
的概念，發送電子短信，當事方之間的方式類似於郵寄信件或備忘錄，早建立國際互聯網。 Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems.即使在今天，它可以是很重要的區分因特網和內部電子郵件系統。 Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control.互聯網電子郵件可能旅行和經過加密就存儲在許多其他的網絡和機器出雙方的發件人和收件人的控制。 During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough.在這段時間，這是很可能的內容可以閱讀，甚至篡改由第三方，如果有人認為重要的不夠的。 Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them.純屬內部或內部網路的電子郵件系統，信息從來沒有離開公司或組織的網絡，更安全，雖然在任何組織會有它和其他人員，其工作可能涉及的監測，偶爾訪問，電子郵件，其他僱員不給他們。
資料引用:[1]
