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在2008年4月8日 (二) 18:01所做的修訂版本
Using Therapeutic Modalities to effect the Healing Process
How should the athletic trainer incorporate therapeutic modalities into a rehabilitation program for various sports-related injures?
What specific modalities may be incorporated into treatment during the inflammatory-response phase and fibroblastic-repair phase?
What are the physiological events associated with the inflammatory-response phase of the healing process? How can you differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation?
Infrared Modalities
What are the definition and basic therapeutic clinical of an infrared modality and how are these modalities classified within the electromagnetic spectrum?
What are the physiological effects of both therapeutic heat and cold?
(1)熱對於生理效應的影響可大致分為代謝反應與血管反應,甚至會影響反射與化學物質的釋放等
(2)冷對於生理效應的影響包含血管反應,代謝反應,週邊神經反應,深層組織反應等
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What are the various thermotherapy techniques that can be used by the athletic trainer?
Therapeutic Ultrasound
What is therapeutic ultrasound, and what are its two primary physiologic effects?
治療型ultrasound主要是一種音波能，是利用超
高頻的音波>20kHz產生熱效應和非熱效應。
生理效應主要是熱效應和非熱效應
熱效應方面主要是讓組織受熱，增加組織溫度使產生熱反應
非熱效應方面主要是產生空泡效應使空泡周圍的液體流動可減少水腫疼痛等
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How does an ultrasound wave travel through biologic tissues, and what happens to the acoustic energy within those tissues?
超音波是透過探頭
(applicator)發出音波，而探頭主要的結構是壓電晶體(piezoelectric crystal)
當被交流電刺激時壓電晶體產生的形狀上凹凸的變化，而產生出高Hz的音波。
在軟組織(soft tisue)傳遞是以縱波(longitudinal waves)的方式傳遞
而傳遞到骨頭時以橫波(transverse waves )的方式傳遞。
在波的能量傳遞過程中，會因為介質性質的不同或是波
傳遞方向和介質之間的夾角而產生被穿透、被吸收、折射和反射。
音波穿透身體會經過皮膚、脂肪組織、肌肉和一些結締組織最後到骨頭，而每一層都對音波的都有不同的吸收能力。
除此之外在不同的介質之間也會因為傳到速率發生改變而造成能量的被吸收(ex：骨頭和肌肉之間，因組織(介質)不同，而造成音波的反射，熱點(hot spots)的產生)。
參考文獻：Therapeutic Modalities-For Sports Medicine and Athletic training,5th
What are the potential thermal effects and nonthermal effects of ultrasound facilitate the healing process?
熱效應可以使組織血液灌流增加，促使細胞釋放Histamine使細胞通透上升，接著Histamine會刺激白血球活性上升清潔組織。
非熱效應則是形成空泡作用，使周圍組織液體流動減少水腫和使細胞通透性改變，增加組織Healing速度。
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Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy
What is diathermy, and what are the different types of diathermy? What are the potential physiological effects of using continuous shortwave, pulsed shortwave, or microwave diathermy?
Diathermy is the application of high-frequency electromagnetic energy that is primarily used to generate heat in body tissues. It may also be used to produce nonthermal effects.
Diathermy may be classified as two distinct modalities: shortwave diathermy and microwave diathermy. Shortwave diathermy may be continuous or pulsed.
The physiologic effects of continuous shortwave and microwave diathermy are primarily thermal, resulting from high-frequency vibration of molecules. Pulsed shortwave diathermy has been used for its nonthermal effects in the treatment of soft-tissue injuries and wounds.
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