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- | == 特別補充 == | + | #REDIRECT [[心理實驗法第十講:Experimental paradigms]] |
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- | === Operational definition === | + | |
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- | * Define concepts(words) by manipulation or measurement | + | |
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- | * How to define 『Anxiety』? | + | |
- | ** 焦慮? | + | |
- | ** 緊張? | + | |
- | ** 紙筆測驗? | + | |
- | ** 膚電反應? | + | |
- | ** 心跳? | + | |
- | ** 眼球運動? | + | |
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- | ==== Why Operational Definition? ==== | + | |
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- | ** 心理學用語 VS 日常生活用語 | + | |
- | *** 練習(p.41)=>期中考必考!-> 考得... | + | |
- | *** 創造力、攻擊、智慧、挫折、飢餓 | + | |
- | *** ..... | + | |
- | ** 依研究的不同各自訂定適當之操作型定義 | + | |
- | *** 與該研究操作(operate, IV之manipulation, 環境之control.....)相關 | + | |
- | *** 與該研究領域之共識符合 | + | |
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- | ==== How to define an operational definition ==== | + | |
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- | * 四大要領(課本提的) | + | |
- | ** Ask | + | |
- | *** 利用問卷等方法直接問受試者 | + | |
- | ** Physiological indicator | + | |
- | *** 量生理指標(會因情況變動的) | + | |
- | ** Biological indicator | + | |
- | *** 量生物指標(與基因性與官能性有關,即較不變的) | + | |
- | ** Empirical observation | + | |
- | *** 取得穩定觀察資料 | + | |
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- | ==== 操作型定義的可能下法 ==== | + | |
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- | * Anxiety | + | |
- | ** 如果現在要研究焦慮性格傾向與國中生定期考間的關係 | + | |
- | *** 以性格量表之焦慮相關的量尺定義 | + | |
- | ** 如果現在要研究情境引發的焦慮對手眼協調的影響 | + | |
- | *** 以生理回饋儀來測量 | + | |
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- | ==== 下操作型定義的要領 ==== | + | |
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- | * replicatable | + | |
- | ** 在不同實驗室(或研究者)可以作出對等的實驗 | + | |
- | ** 請回想對折三次剪紙的情況 | + | |
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- | == 科學的態度 == | + | |
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- | * 認知:科學是建立在於科學社群脈絡中 | + | |
- | * 科學社群:各個相連的人為群體 | + | |
- | * 脈絡:不能獨立人類社會活動與歷史 | + | |
- | * 目的:想要知道各研究對象的真象 | + | |
- | * 真象:可能存在對象的規律性等 | + | |
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- | === 科學家的態度 === | + | |
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- | * 謙虛: | + | |
- | ** 因為科學中並無永恆不變的真理 | + | |
- | ** 真理或許存在在研究對象背後 | + | |
- | ** 科學家想辦法逼近 | + | |
- | ** 但似乎永遠到不了 | + | |
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- | === 拾貝者的畫像 === | + | |
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- | ''我''''不知道世人對我如何看待<br>但我自己卻以為<br>我是在未知的真理的大海之前<br>偶遊大海之濱<br>在海濱上拾一平滑的石塊<br>或美麗的貝殼<br>引為歡喜的小孩子''''''''<br><br>''' | + | |
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- | == What is Paradigms == | + | |
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- | * Experimental Paradigms(典範) | + | |
- | ** 實驗的「標準」模式 | + | |
- | ** 讓其他實驗者有跡可循 | + | |
- | ** 一種穩定收集有用資訊的方式 | + | |
- | ** Paradigms是實驗(研究)文化的產物 | + | |
- | ** 當然也可能變化(Paradigms shift) | + | |
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- | ==== Paradigms ==== | + | |
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- | * 4種基本形式(課本作者的分類方式,第七版以前是5種) | + | |
- | ** Between subjects design | + | |
- | ** Matched subjects design | + | |
- | ** Within subjects design | + | |
- | ** Factorial design | + | |
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- | ==== 品酒實驗概要 ==== | + | |
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- | * IV color of wine | + | |
- | * DV enjoyment with 5-point scale | + | |
- | ** as p.80 | + | |
- | * Potential control problems | + | |
- | ** Temperature | + | |
- | ** Lighting | + | |
- | ** Sequence | + | |
- | ** Subject experience | + | |
- | ** Ambience and peer influence | + | |
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- | === Model 1 === | + | |
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- | * Between subjects design (randomized subjects design) | + | |
- | ** as p.81 | + | |
- | ** 又稱Independent subject design (between-group design or randomized subject design) | + | |
- | * 統計方法 t-test (independent t-test) | + | |
- | * random assign | + | |
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- | === Model 2 === | + | |
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- | * Matched subject design (matched pair design p.82) | + | |
- | ** 某一特性配對受試者 | + | |
- | ** 本例中wine-tasting experience | + | |
- | * Match的目的:減少variance | + | |
- | * 統計dependent t-test (correlated t-test) | + | |
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- | === Model 3 === | + | |
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- | * Within-subject design (Repeated measure design) | + | |
- | ** 每一個受試者均作所有的嘗試(completely within-subject design) | + | |
- | ** 目的與matched同,但confouding較少 | + | |
- | * balanced sequence(順序平衡)方法很多 | + | |
- | * counter balance 最簡單但組合膨脹為階乘 | + | |
- | * 本例(p.84)一半A先B後,另一半B先A後 | + | |
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- | === Model 4 === | + | |
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- | * Factorial design | + | |
- | * 在本例中加入另一factor出產地 | + | |
- | ** Pinot Noir | + | |
- | ** Zinfandel | + | |
- | ** Chardonnay | + | |
- | * 兩大分類 | + | |
- | ** within subject | + | |
- | ** between subject | + | |
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- | == Confouding / Extraneous == | + | |
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- | * Case 1 Paul (1966 在p.48) | + | |
- | ** p.87 table5.1 | + | |
- | * Experimental effect | + | |
- | ** Therapy | + | |
- | ** Placebo | + | |
- | ** Spontaneous remission | + | |
- | ** .... | + | |
- | * Asch 的 case | + | |
- | ** Asch (1952, p.45) | + | |
- | *** if Asch used 1 treatment group 是否可說明primary effect in impression? | + | |
- | *** confounding 在那裡? | + | |
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