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- | == Factorial design == | + | #REDIRECT [[心理實驗法第七講:factorial design]] |
- | | + | |
- | * 隨著時代進步,心理學的方法也進步 | + | |
- | * 但心理學想問的問題本質沒有變 | + | |
- | * 探討人類心理與行為背後存在的... | + | |
- | * 以前所有問題都只能問最簡單的地方 | + | |
- | * 現在有能力問更多 | + | |
- | * 為什麼要問更多? | + | |
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- | === 實驗的目的 === | + | |
- | | + | |
- | * Cause-and-effect relationships | + | |
- | ** Deprivation -> hungry | + | |
- | ** Conflict -> anxiety | + | |
- | * 但人的行為/心理現象通常不是只有一個原因造成 | + | |
- | ** 高速公路標示辨識為例 | + | |
- | *** 什麼因素會影響高速公路標示辨識? | + | |
- | *** 光線 | + | |
- | *** 認字能力(韓文標誌看得懂嗎?) | + | |
- | *** 意識狀態(如24小時未睡) | + | |
- | *** 吃藥或喝酒 | + | |
- | *** ...... | + | |
- | *** | + | |
- | *** 不只 | + | |
- | *** 一個原因影響 | + | |
- | | + | |
- | === 多因子設計 === | + | |
- | | + | |
- | * 多因子設計(factorial design) | + | |
- | ** 研究者在一個實驗裡同時觀察兩個或兩個以上的自變項對一個依變項影響的設計 | + | |
- | ** 例如 | + | |
- | *** 父母育兒具敵意且過度干涉 -> 小孩退縮 | + | |
- | *** 若再加上忽略小孩 -> 小孩反社會 | + | |
- | ** | + | |
- | ** 有些問題勢必兩項或以上的因素在 | + | |
- | ** 一起才會發生 | + | |
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- | === Chapter 4 Case study '''1'''<br> === | + | |
- | | + | |
- | ==== '''''Ehrenfreund and Badia (1962)<br>''''' ==== | + | |
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- | * 目的:老鼠在不同剝奪量和獎賞量下表現 | + | |
- | ** Factor 1 剝奪量 | + | |
- | *** 95% / 85% ad lib (free-feeding) weight | + | |
- | ** Factor 2 獎賞量 | + | |
- | *** 45mg / 260mg food pellet | + | |
- | * Dependent variable | + | |
- | ** 6 feet跑道中間2 feet的速度 | + | |
- | * 控制 | + | |
- | ** Ad lib weight | + | |
- | *** 自然狀態下的體重 | + | |
- | *** <br> | + | |
- | *** 因為每一隻老鼠的體重進食量不一,因此控制剝奪量本身對於個 | + | |
- | *** 別動物的影響不同 | + | |
- | ** 量中間段的速度 | + | |
- | *** 因為起跑段與終點段的變化比較大 | + | |
- | * 結果 | + | |
- | ** p.55 table 4.1 <br><br> | + | |
- | | + | |
- | {| width="200" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" summary="Chapter 4 case study 1" | + | |
- | |+ table 4-1 | + | |
- | |- | + | |
- | | Incentive treatment | + | |
- | | colspan="2" | Deprivation treatment | + | |
- | |- | + | |
- | | | + | |
- | | 95% | + | |
- | | 85% | + | |
- | |- | + | |
- | | 45mg | + | |
- | | | + | |
- | | | + | |
- | |- | + | |
- | | 260mg | + | |
- | | | + | |
- | | | + | |
- | |} | + | |
- | | + | |
- | * Factors, variables and levels | + | |
- | ** Case study 1 為 2X2之factorial design | + | |
- | ** Factor 1 為剝奪量 | + | |
- | *** 有2 levels 之variables | + | |
- | *** 即high and low deprivation | + | |
- | ** Factor 2 為獎賞量 | + | |
- | *** 亦有2 levels 之 variable | + | |
- | *** 即high and low incentive | + | |
- | * 最多有幾個factor? | + | |
- | * 平常的用語,Factors有時說成variables但一般不會反過來 | + | |
- | * Factors與variables組合 | + | |
- | ** High deprivation – high incentive | + | |
- | ** High deprivation – low incentive | + | |
- | ** Low deprivation – high incentive | + | |
- | ** Low deprivation – low incentive | + | |
- | * 2X2 = 4種組合 | + | |
- | * 如果2X2X3 = 12種組合 | + | |
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- | ==== Measuring attitude ==== | + | |
- | | + | |
- | * 態度的測量 | + | |
- | ** 問卷調查 | + | |
- | *** 你贊成增加給窮人的社會褔利支出嗎?->19% | + | |
- | *** 你贊成增加給窮人的社會救助支出嗎?->63% | + | |
- | ** 問卷調查中抽樣的三個層次 | + | |
- | *** 實體抽樣 | + | |
- | *** 問題之抽樣 | + | |
- | *** 受訪者回答之抽樣 | + | |
- | | + | |
- | ==== 2Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger,1957) ==== | + | |
- | | + | |
- | * Attitude change occur in high-dissonance condition | + | |
- | * Linder, Cooper, and Jones(1967) | + | |
- | ** 2X2 factorial design | + | |
- | ** Task 寫一篇支持控制言論自由的文章(原本為反對的人) | + | |
- | *** Factor 1 選擇(有無告知實驗參與者可不可以有選擇) | + | |
- | *** Factor 2 獎賞 $.5 / $2.5 | + | |
- | ** 結果2 | + | |
- | *** p.57 table 4.2 | + | |
- | | + | |
- | {| width="200" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" summary="Chapter 4 case study 2" | + | |
- | |+ table 4-2 | + | |
- | |- | + | |
- | | Choice | + | |
- | | colspan="2" | Incentive | + | |
- | |- | + | |
- | | | + | |
- | | $.5 | + | |
- | | $2.5 | + | |
- | |- | + | |
- | | No-choice | + | |
- | | -0.05 | + | |
- | | 0.63 | + | |
- | |- | + | |
- | | Free-choice | + | |
- | | 1.25 | + | |
- | | -0.07 | + | |
- | |} | + | |
- | | + | |
- | * 繪圖 | + | |
- | ** p.57 figure4.1 | + | |
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- | [[Image:Fig4-1.png|thumb|right|figure4.1]]<br> | + | |
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- | <br> | + | |
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- | * Analysis of variance | + | |
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- | ===== Statistically significant ===== | + | |
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- | * 'αlevel' | + | |
- | ** .05代表20次有一次by chance顯著 | + | |
- | * 'p value' | + | |
- | ** 犯type I error 的機率 [[Image:Typeierr.png|thumb|right|type I error]] | + | |
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- | * 作圖的重要性 | + | |
- | * Case study 1之圖 | + | |
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- | [[Image:Case1fig.png|thumb|right|chapter 4 case study one]] | + | |
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- | ==== 3 Subject variables ==== | + | |
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- | * Chi(1978) | + | |
- | ** A variables -> recall digits / chess pieces | + | |
- | ** B variables -> children / adults | + | |
- | * 結果 p.60 figure 4.3 | + | |
- | ** Interaction!! | + | |
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- | ==== 4 Wheeler & Fiske (2005) 2 X 3 ==== | + | |
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- | * p. 61 下面的圖 | + | |
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- | [[Image:Chp4c41.png]] | + | |
- | <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style=""><br></div></div> | + | |
- | * A variable : race of face | + | |
- | ** Black/ white | + | |
- | * B variable : social goals | + | |
- | ** Categorization(判斷年齡)/ Individuation(食物喜好)/ Visual search(有無痣) | + | |
- | * 呈現方式<br> | + | |
- | * 結果測量 fMRI 測amygdala | + | |
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- | [[Image:Chp4c42.png]] | + | |
- | <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style=""><br></div></div> | + | |
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- | ==== 5 code and cognitive process ==== | + | |
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- | * “code” record in memory (Posner等人) | + | |
- | * Solso and Short (1979) | + | |
- | * 步驟 | + | |
- | ** 呈現「色板」 | + | |
- | ** 間隔後出現第二刺激 | + | |
- | ** 實驗參與者以按鍵反應「合不合」 | + | |
- | ** 記錄實驗參與者反應時間(reaction time) | + | |
- | * Complex factorial design | + | |
- | * Factor 1 (type of relationship) | + | |
- | ** Color to associate / color to word / color to color | + | |
- | * Factor 2 ( delay between stimulus) | + | |
- | ** 0msec. / 500msec. / 1500msec. | + | |
- | * Factor 3 (match or mismatch) | + | |
- | * 3 X 3 X 2 | + | |
- | * Case study 5 figure | + | |
- | * Figure 4.5 | + | |
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- | [[Image:Fig4-5.png]] | + | |
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- | ===== Mental chronometry ===== | + | |
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- | * 實驗結果如p.63 figure 4.5 | + | |
- | * Solso and Short的解釋如p.64 figure 4.6 | + | |
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- | [[Image:Fig4-6.png]] | + | |
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- | * | + | |
- | ** 由reaction time 推測內在歷程 | + | |
- | * 利用tachistoscope (T-scope) | + | |
- | ** Forced-choice procedure | + | |
- | * Within subject | + | |
- | * Model for case study 5 | + | |
- | * Figure 4.6 | + | |
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- | [http://wiki.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E6%B3%95 回到心理實驗法] | + | |