第十一講:Sound,the Auditory System,and Pitch Perception
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*bandpass noise | *bandpass noise | ||
- | ** | + | **Figure xx |
- | * | + | *critical band |
- | ** | + | **Figure xx |
+ | **characteristic �frequency�特徵頻率 | ||
- | * | + | *Masking 實驗結果 |
- | ** | + | **Figure 11.28 |
- | * | + | *利用basilar membrane振動解釋masking |
- | ** | + | **Figure 11.29 |
- | * | + | *複雜波的情況 |
- | ** | + | **Figure 11.30 |
- | * | + | *outer hair cells的功能 |
- | ** | + | **Figure 11.31 |
+ | **cochlea amplifer | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *outer hair cells的功能 | ||
+ | **Figure 11.32 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *phase locking and temporal coding | ||
+ | **Figure 11.33 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *性差與年齡差 | ||
+ | **Figure 11.34 | ||
+ | **隨著年紀增長而對於高頻音較不敏感,男性的比例比女性高 | ||
+ | **Presbycusis | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *Noise-induced hearing loss | ||
+ | **Figure 11.35 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *Auditory pathway | ||
+ | **Figure 11.36 | ||
+ | **SONIC MG | ||
+ | Superior Olivary Nucleus | ||
+ | Inferior Colliculus | ||
+ | Medial Geniculate Nucleus | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *Auditory cortex | ||
+ | **Figure 11.37 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *Where / What pathway | ||
+ | **Figure 11.38 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *兩個腦傷的案例 | ||
+ | **Figure 11.39 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *腦照影結果 | ||
+ | **Figure 11.40 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *pitch and brain | ||
+ | **Figure 11.41 | ||
+ | **tonotopic map | ||
+ | **從cochlea一直到A1,都有依頻率排列的特性 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *顳葉受損 | ||
+ | **Figure 11.42 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *fundamental frequency的腦內表現 | ||
+ | **Figure 11.43 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *neuroplasticity | ||
+ | **Figure 11.44 | ||
+ | **訓練猴子區辨兩個接近2500Hz的聲音, | ||
+ | 訓練後發現猴子A1負責處理2500Hz的區域增加了 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
+ | *shaping-by-training | ||
+ | **Figure 11.45 | ||
- | * | ||
- | ** | ||
- | + | *人工電子耳 | |
- | + | **Figure 11.46 | |
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在2011年12月4日 (日) 17:30所做的修訂版本
- Hearing的重要性
- 人類在各類辨識中常用的手段
聽,誰在講話? 聽,誰的拖鞋聲? 更廣範圍的定位 我們可以聽到360度的聲音 也可以聽到我們「看不到」的地方的聲音
- 聲音與情緒
- 粉筆與黑板急速磨擦
受不了小花 小溪流水聲 讓人平靜 知覺老師上課聲 讓人睡著
- 人、聲音與環境
- 與環境互動
先注意聲音、再察覺影像 與人互動 有聲音的互動效率較高� 插影片 聲音對我們的影響Julian Treasure(中文).MP4
- 視力障礙者之聽覺
- 優於視力正常者
課本p.260 弱視者之經驗� 特殊案例:Helen Keller Blindness isolated her from things, but deafness isolated her from peoples.
- 波
- Figure 11.1
- Sine wave
- Figure 11.2
- 波的能量
- Figure 11.3
- 聲音的能量計算法
- dB = 20 X log (p/p0)
p0 = 20 microPascals sound pressure level (SPL) 若p = 200 則 dB = 20 X log (p/p0)= 20log(200/20)� = 20log(10) = 20
- table11.1
- 與p0相對大小 dB
- 與p0相對大小 dB
1 0
10 20
100 40
1000 60
100000 100
1000000 120
10000000 140
- 聲音的頻率
- Figure 11.4
- 複雜的聲音
- Figure 11.5
- missing fundamental
- Figure 11.6
- Loudness
- Figure 11.7
- 音量每增加10分貝,我們會覺得音量增大了2倍
- tone chroma
- Figure 11.8
- 不同的tone height,相差了一個octave,
同時頻率也呈倍數增加
- 頻率與音強
- 在2000~4000Hz是我們最敏感的頻段;中間兩條線是在不同頻率下,我們感受相同音量的強度;最上面一條線是讓我們感受到不舒服的強度,超過這個強度可能會造成聽力受損。 �
衛教 耳機、隨身聽音量一定要放小聲
- Audibility curve
- Figure 11.9
- 樂器為何不同音
- 不同的樂器(吉他、巴森管、薩克斯風)即使演奏相同頻率的聲音,聽起來也是相當不同,原因即在於不同樂器所包含的泛音(timbre)不同
除了泛音不同 動態上也有所不同
- Timbre
- Figure 11.10
- Ear
- Figure 11.11
- 外耳(outer ear)、中耳(middle ear)、及內耳(inner ear)。
- 中耳
- Figure 11.12
- 傳遞方式是由鼓膜
振動開始傳到三小 聽骨(槌骨malleus、 砧骨incus、鐙骨 stapes),再傳至 卵圓窗(oval window), 最後進入內耳
- 聲音在耳朶中的傳遞
- Figure 11.13
- 中耳能量放大原理
- Figure 11.14
- 內耳(cochlea耳蝸)
- Figure 11.15
- organ of Corti
- Figure 11.16
- hair cell
- 聽覺受器可分為兩種:inner hair cell與outer hair cell。前者數目較少,約3500個,卻有95%的聽覺細胞接受來自此的訊息;後者數目約12000個,卻只處理約5%的訊息。
- Figure 11.17
- cilia之活動與ion channels
- Figure 11.18
- 這個振動只有
100 picometer 相當於Eiffel Tower 頂端天 線搖1 cm如:圖11.19
- temporal theory
- Figure xx
- temporal theory(時間論)�frequency theory(頻率論)
volley theory(齊發論)
- place theory(位置論)
- Figure xx
- place theory 2
- von Bekesy
- Figure xx
- Bekesy's experiment
- peak of vibration(振動高峰)
- Figure xx
- Bekesy's traveling wave
- Figure xx
- Helmholtz / Bekesy
- Resonance
物理性上較「直覺」 生物結構上不可能 traveling wave 物理結構上較複雜 生物結構較「可能」
- basilar membrance
- tonotopic organization(音調排列結構)�
cochlear emissions(耳蝸傳射) airborne sound->movement of the eardrum-> movement of the ossicles -> movement of the oval window -> fluid-borne pressure wave -> displacement of basilar membrance -> stimulation fo hair cells
- 在耳蝸中如何表現音頻
- Figure 11.2
- 仔細看von Bekesy
- Figure 11.21
- Basilar membrane
- Figure 11.22
- Vibration of the basilar membrane
- Figure 11.23
- Envelope of the basilar membrane
- Figure 11.24
- Tonotopic map of the guinea pig cochlea
- Figure 11.25
- Frequency tuning curves of cat
- Figure 11.26
- Masking procedure
- Figure 11.27
- noise masking(噪音遮罩)
- auditory masking(聽覺遮罩)
幾個名詞 broadband noise(廣域噪音) bandpass noise(域帶噪音) center frequency(中央頻率) critical band(有效帶寬)
- bandpass noise
- Figure xx
- critical band
- Figure xx
- characteristic �frequency�特徵頻率
- Masking 實驗結果
- Figure 11.28
- 利用basilar membrane振動解釋masking
- Figure 11.29
- 複雜波的情況
- Figure 11.30
- outer hair cells的功能
- Figure 11.31
- cochlea amplifer
- outer hair cells的功能
- Figure 11.32
- phase locking and temporal coding
- Figure 11.33
- 性差與年齡差
- Figure 11.34
- 隨著年紀增長而對於高頻音較不敏感,男性的比例比女性高
- Presbycusis
- Noise-induced hearing loss
- Figure 11.35
- Auditory pathway
- Figure 11.36
- SONIC MG
Superior Olivary Nucleus Inferior Colliculus Medial Geniculate Nucleus
- Auditory cortex
- Figure 11.37
- Where / What pathway
- Figure 11.38
- 兩個腦傷的案例
- Figure 11.39
- 腦照影結果
- Figure 11.40
- pitch and brain
- Figure 11.41
- tonotopic map
- 從cochlea一直到A1,都有依頻率排列的特性
- 顳葉受損
- Figure 11.42
- fundamental frequency的腦內表現
- Figure 11.43
- neuroplasticity
- Figure 11.44
- 訓練猴子區辨兩個接近2500Hz的聲音,
訓練後發現猴子A1負責處理2500Hz的區域增加了
- shaping-by-training
- Figure 11.45
- 人工電子耳
- Figure 11.46