第四講:大腦與視覺
出自KMU Wiki
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在2010年10月15日 (五) 17:37所做的修訂版本 (編輯) Xiaopiao (對話 | 貢獻) ←上一個 |
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== The Brain and Seeing == | == The Brain and Seeing == | ||
- | * | + | * Seeing as an active process |
+ | ** 我們看東西是被動的嗎? | ||
+ | *** 錯覺輪廓 illusory contour | ||
+ | ** 差在那裡? | ||
+ | *** 邊界傾斜 | ||
+ | ** 雙可圖形 | ||
+ | *** Rubin's vase | ||
+ | ** 視覺解釋及記憶 | ||
+ | *** 你看到什麼課本最後也有解釋 | ||
+ | ** 前面四張圖的結論 | ||
+ | *** 我們所見不是只有光學影像本身 | ||
+ | *** 我們用眼睛及再加....來看 | ||
+ | *** 本章主題就是.... | ||
+ | *** ....是什麼? | ||
- | + | * Optic Nerve | |
+ | ** Optic Nerve(視神經) | ||
+ | ** Optic chiasm(視交叉) | ||
+ | ** Optic tracts(視束) | ||
+ | ** Nerve -> chiasm -> tracts | ||
+ | *** 其實都是retina ganglion cells的axon | ||
+ | *** 解剖上的不同 | ||
+ | ** lateral projection(側投射) | ||
+ | *** 不是左眼到右腦 | ||
+ | *** ipsilateral fibers(同側纖維) | ||
+ | *** contralateral fibers (異側纖維) | ||
+ | ** lateral projection | ||
+ | *** visual field(視野) | ||
- | + | * Superior colliculus(上丘) | |
- | * | + | ** location |
- | ** | + | *** top of brain stem(腦幹) |
- | * | + | ** function |
- | ** | + | *** Multimodal(多感道) input |
- | * | + | *** control eye movement |
- | ** | + | ** receptive field property(特性) |
+ | *** lose center surround | ||
+ | ** Phylogenetic(系統發生) – old | ||
+ | *** Visual center for lower animals | ||
+ | **** Frog, fish.... | ||
+ | *** In higher animals | ||
+ | **** Superior colliculus的工作被visual cortex所取代 | ||
+ | **** 仍有的工作:Visual orienting | ||
+ | ***** 有receptive fields—but ill-defined ON OFF | ||
+ | ***** 對stimulus之where反應,what較不反應 | ||
+ | ***** 結果—guidance of eye movement | ||
+ | ***Multisensory cells(多重感覺細胞) | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Lateral Geniculate Nucleus(側膝核) | ||
+ | ** location | ||
+ | *** Thalamus(視丘) | ||
+ | ** Geniculate | ||
+ | *** with bent knee | ||
+ | ** Magnocellular layers | ||
+ | *** Layer 1,2 large-cell layers | ||
+ | *** Magnus Latin words mean『large』 | ||
+ | ** Parvocellular layers | ||
+ | *** Layer 3,4,5,6 small-cell layers | ||
+ | *** Parvus Latin words mean 『small』 | ||
+ | ** K cells | ||
+ | *** Sandwiched between 各layers | ||
+ | ** Layers | ||
+ | *** 從內到外 | ||
+ | *** 1,2,3,4,5,6 | ||
+ | *** ipsilaterl fibers | ||
+ | *** contralateral fibers | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Maps in LGN | ||
+ | ** retinotopic map | ||
+ | ** retinotopic maps 中記錄的情況 | ||
+ | |||
+ | * receptive fields properties of LGN | ||
+ | ** 形狀 | ||
+ | *** center surround | ||
+ | ** lateral inhibition | ||
+ | *** strong | ||
+ | ** 刺激特性 | ||
+ | *** color | ||
+ | **** all parvocellular | ||
+ | **** color opponent (red/green, blue/yellow) | ||
+ | *** acuity | ||
+ | **** fovea附近最小 | ||
+ | **** parvocellular < magnocellular | ||
+ | *** temporal variation | ||
+ | **** magnocellular cells反應快 | ||
+ | ** K cell? | ||
+ | **** multimodal (sound) | ||
+ | **** input from superior colliculus | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Possible function of the LGN | ||
+ | ** relay of visual information | ||
+ | *** Input from Reticular activating system(網狀刺激系統) | ||
+ | **** attention?? arousal?? | ||
+ | *** Input from Superior colliculus (K cells) | ||
+ | **** shut down vision under rapid eye movement | ||
+ | *** Feedback loop from Visual cortex(視覺皮質區) | ||
+ | **** ????? | ||
+ | **** sorting operation?? | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Visual cortex | ||
+ | ** occipital lobe(枕葉) | ||
+ | ** cortical blindness(皮質視盲) | ||
+ | *** Scotomas(暗點) | ||
+ | *** Gordon Holmes | ||
+ | **** world war I | ||
+ | **** 腦傷 | ||
+ | ** topographic maps(地形圖) | ||
+ | ** cortical magnification(皮質放大) | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Structure of visual cortex | ||
+ | ** Primary visual cortex | ||
+ | *** V1 | ||
+ | *** Area 17 | ||
+ | *** Striate cortex | ||
+ | **** 1.5~2.0mm thick | ||
+ | **** 100million cells in V1 each hemisphere | ||
+ | **** 6 layers | ||
+ | ***** Layer 4 input from LGN | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Retinal map | ||
+ | ** Topographic | ||
+ | *** 80% cells 處理 10%的visual field | ||
+ | **** 因此在視野中心的東西在cortical level放大很大 | ||
+ | **** 週邊視野的東西則變小 | ||
+ | ** Contralateral(對側) visual field | ||
+ | **** 以visual field來分lateral projection | ||
+ | |||
+ | * response of single cell | ||
+ | ** Hubel and Wiesel | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Function of V1 cell | ||
+ | ** orientation selectivity(傾斜選擇性) | ||
+ | *** simple cells | ||
+ | ** preferred orientation(傾斜的喜好) | ||
+ | |||
+ | * oblique effect傾斜效果 | ||
+ | ** 有些人不會有效果 meridional amblyopia(經線性弱視 ) | ||
+ | ** 有些人比較沒有效果,可能與astigmatism有關 | ||
+ | *** Meridional amblyopia (經線性弱視 ) | ||
+ | ** Why oblique effect? | ||
+ | *** 可能較多horizontal- and vertical-oriented contours in environments | ||
+ | *** Neural plasticity(神經可塑性) | ||
+ | |||
+ | * complex cells | ||
+ | ** select direction | ||
+ | |||
+ | * ocular dominance(單眼優勢) | ||
+ | ** technic 2-DG | ||
+ | ** binocular cells 雙眼細胞 | ||
+ | *** 其實V1大部分是binocular cells | ||
+ | *** binocular disparity 雙眼像差 | ||
+ | **** 雙眼影像位置不見得對應 | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Hypercolumn 超柱型組織 | ||
+ | ** column的組合體 | ||
+ | *** color | ||
+ | **** blobs cell 泡泡細胞 | ||
+ | ** Hypercolumn by De Valois and De Valois | ||
+ | |||
+ | * orientation | ||
+ | ** 受刺激後腦內反應 (請參見color plate 1) | ||
+ | |||
+ | * beyond V1 | ||
+ | ** 超複雜系統 | ||
+ | *** parietal stream 顱頂 | ||
+ | **** dorsal stream 背側 | ||
+ | **** M pathway | ||
+ | *** temporal stream 顳 | ||
+ | **** ventral stream 腹側 | ||
+ | **** P pathway | ||
+ | ** M | ||
+ | *** V2, V3, MT | ||
+ | ** P | ||
+ | *** V2, V4 | ||
+ | ** larger receptive field | ||
+ | ** retinotopic map | ||
+ | ** position invariance | ||
+ | ** feedback loop | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Duality of visual processing 視覺歷程的雙重性 | ||
+ | ** 1960's | ||
+ | *** Ambient(周遭) and focal(中心) | ||
+ | ** 1980's | ||
+ | *** Parietal stream (where) and temporal stream (what) | ||
+ | *** Dorsal stream and ventral stream | ||
+ | *** M pathway and P pathway | ||
+ | |||
+ | * P and M | ||
+ | ** Schiller and Logothetis (1990) paradigm (with lesion technic) | ||
+ | *** result | ||
+ | ** Specialized visual area | ||
+ | *** 不能主動lesion,只能觀察腦傷病人 | ||
+ | *** Damage in interior part of the occipital lobe near junction with temporal lobe | ||
+ | **** Achromatopsia(無辨色能力)—loss of color vision | ||
+ | *** Damage to specitic portions of temporal lobe | ||
+ | **** Prosopagnosia(臉型失認)—inablility to face recognition | ||
+ | *** Damage in MT | ||
+ | **** Akinetopsia(動態失認)—cannot see motion | ||
+ | ** relating neurophysiology | ||
+ | *** Phosphene(光幻視 ) | ||
+ | **** see light in complete darkness | ||
+ | *** visual hallucination(視幻覺) | ||
+ | *** transcranial magnetic stimulation 穿顱磁刺激 | ||
+ | **** 強力磁場引發scotoma | ||
+ | |||
+ | * What cortical cells do? | ||
+ | ** feature detector(特徵偵測器)? (Barlow, 1972) | ||
+ | *** ambiguity problem(模糊問題) | ||
+ | ** Collaboration 合作 | ||
+ | *** tilt aftereffect (傾斜後效 )(adaptation(適應)) | ||
+ | *** tilt aftereffect 可能的解釋 | ||
+ | *** sparse coding 稀疏編碼 | ||
+ | |||
+ | * high order vision | ||
+ | ** vision is constructive(視覺是建構的) | ||
+ | ** context dependent 情境相依 | ||
+ | ** integration of local features(整合局部特徵) | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[知覺心理學 | 回上頁]] |
在2010年10月18日 (一) 18:05所做的修訂版本
The Brain and Seeing
- Seeing as an active process
- 我們看東西是被動的嗎?
- 錯覺輪廓 illusory contour
- 差在那裡?
- 邊界傾斜
- 雙可圖形
- Rubin's vase
- 視覺解釋及記憶
- 你看到什麼課本最後也有解釋
- 前面四張圖的結論
- 我們所見不是只有光學影像本身
- 我們用眼睛及再加....來看
- 本章主題就是....
- ....是什麼?
- 我們看東西是被動的嗎?
- Optic Nerve
- Optic Nerve(視神經)
- Optic chiasm(視交叉)
- Optic tracts(視束)
- Nerve -> chiasm -> tracts
- 其實都是retina ganglion cells的axon
- 解剖上的不同
- lateral projection(側投射)
- 不是左眼到右腦
- ipsilateral fibers(同側纖維)
- contralateral fibers (異側纖維)
- lateral projection
- visual field(視野)
- Superior colliculus(上丘)
- location
- top of brain stem(腦幹)
- function
- Multimodal(多感道) input
- control eye movement
- receptive field property(特性)
- lose center surround
- Phylogenetic(系統發生) – old
- Visual center for lower animals
- Frog, fish....
- In higher animals
- Superior colliculus的工作被visual cortex所取代
- 仍有的工作:Visual orienting
- 有receptive fields—but ill-defined ON OFF
- 對stimulus之where反應,what較不反應
- 結果—guidance of eye movement
- Multisensory cells(多重感覺細胞)
- Visual center for lower animals
- location
- Lateral Geniculate Nucleus(側膝核)
- location
- Thalamus(視丘)
- Geniculate
- with bent knee
- Magnocellular layers
- Layer 1,2 large-cell layers
- Magnus Latin words mean『large』
- Parvocellular layers
- Layer 3,4,5,6 small-cell layers
- Parvus Latin words mean 『small』
- K cells
- Sandwiched between 各layers
- Layers
- 從內到外
- 1,2,3,4,5,6
- ipsilaterl fibers
- contralateral fibers
- location
- Maps in LGN
- retinotopic map
- retinotopic maps 中記錄的情況
- receptive fields properties of LGN
- 形狀
- center surround
- lateral inhibition
- strong
- 刺激特性
- color
- all parvocellular
- color opponent (red/green, blue/yellow)
- acuity
- fovea附近最小
- parvocellular < magnocellular
- temporal variation
- magnocellular cells反應快
- color
- K cell?
- multimodal (sound)
- input from superior colliculus
- 形狀
- Possible function of the LGN
- relay of visual information
- Input from Reticular activating system(網狀刺激系統)
- attention?? arousal??
- Input from Superior colliculus (K cells)
- shut down vision under rapid eye movement
- Feedback loop from Visual cortex(視覺皮質區)
- ?????
- sorting operation??
- Input from Reticular activating system(網狀刺激系統)
- relay of visual information
- Visual cortex
- occipital lobe(枕葉)
- cortical blindness(皮質視盲)
- Scotomas(暗點)
- Gordon Holmes
- world war I
- 腦傷
- topographic maps(地形圖)
- cortical magnification(皮質放大)
- Structure of visual cortex
- Primary visual cortex
- V1
- Area 17
- Striate cortex
- 1.5~2.0mm thick
- 100million cells in V1 each hemisphere
- 6 layers
- Layer 4 input from LGN
- Primary visual cortex
- Retinal map
- Topographic
- 80% cells 處理 10%的visual field
- 因此在視野中心的東西在cortical level放大很大
- 週邊視野的東西則變小
- 80% cells 處理 10%的visual field
- Contralateral(對側) visual field
- 以visual field來分lateral projection
- Topographic
- response of single cell
- Hubel and Wiesel
- Function of V1 cell
- orientation selectivity(傾斜選擇性)
- simple cells
- preferred orientation(傾斜的喜好)
- orientation selectivity(傾斜選擇性)
- oblique effect傾斜效果
- 有些人不會有效果 meridional amblyopia(經線性弱視 )
- 有些人比較沒有效果,可能與astigmatism有關
- Meridional amblyopia (經線性弱視 )
- Why oblique effect?
- 可能較多horizontal- and vertical-oriented contours in environments
- Neural plasticity(神經可塑性)
- complex cells
- select direction
- ocular dominance(單眼優勢)
- technic 2-DG
- binocular cells 雙眼細胞
- 其實V1大部分是binocular cells
- binocular disparity 雙眼像差
- 雙眼影像位置不見得對應
- Hypercolumn 超柱型組織
- column的組合體
- color
- blobs cell 泡泡細胞
- color
- Hypercolumn by De Valois and De Valois
- column的組合體
- orientation
- 受刺激後腦內反應 (請參見color plate 1)
- beyond V1
- 超複雜系統
- parietal stream 顱頂
- dorsal stream 背側
- M pathway
- temporal stream 顳
- ventral stream 腹側
- P pathway
- parietal stream 顱頂
- M
- V2, V3, MT
- P
- V2, V4
- larger receptive field
- retinotopic map
- position invariance
- feedback loop
- 超複雜系統
- Duality of visual processing 視覺歷程的雙重性
- 1960's
- Ambient(周遭) and focal(中心)
- 1980's
- Parietal stream (where) and temporal stream (what)
- Dorsal stream and ventral stream
- M pathway and P pathway
- 1960's
- P and M
- Schiller and Logothetis (1990) paradigm (with lesion technic)
- result
- Specialized visual area
- 不能主動lesion,只能觀察腦傷病人
- Damage in interior part of the occipital lobe near junction with temporal lobe
- Achromatopsia(無辨色能力)—loss of color vision
- Damage to specitic portions of temporal lobe
- Prosopagnosia(臉型失認)—inablility to face recognition
- Damage in MT
- Akinetopsia(動態失認)—cannot see motion
- relating neurophysiology
- Phosphene(光幻視 )
- see light in complete darkness
- visual hallucination(視幻覺)
- transcranial magnetic stimulation 穿顱磁刺激
- 強力磁場引發scotoma
- Phosphene(光幻視 )
- Schiller and Logothetis (1990) paradigm (with lesion technic)
- What cortical cells do?
- feature detector(特徵偵測器)? (Barlow, 1972)
- ambiguity problem(模糊問題)
- Collaboration 合作
- tilt aftereffect (傾斜後效 )(adaptation(適應))
- tilt aftereffect 可能的解釋
- sparse coding 稀疏編碼
- feature detector(特徵偵測器)? (Barlow, 1972)
- high order vision
- vision is constructive(視覺是建構的)
- context dependent 情境相依
- integration of local features(整合局部特徵)